Advertisement
Review Article| Volume 27, ISSUE 1, P157-172, February 2023

Alcohol-Related Liver Disease Including New Developments

Published:October 17, 2022DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cld.2022.08.005

      Keywords

      To read this article in full you will need to make a payment

      Purchase one-time access:

      Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online access
      One-time access price info
      • For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
      • For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'

      Subscribers receive full online access to your subscription and archive of back issues up to and including 2002.

      Content published before 2002 is available via pay-per-view purchase only.

      Subscribe:

      Subscribe to Clinics in Liver Disease
      Already a print subscriber? Claim online access
      Already an online subscriber? Sign in
      Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect

      References

        • Axley P.D.
        • Richardson C.T.
        • Singal A.K.
        Epidemiology of alcohol consumption and societal burden of alcoholism and alcoholic liver disease.
        Clin Liver Dis. 2019; 23: 39-50
        • Rehm J.
        • Gmel G.E.
        • Gmel G.
        • et al.
        The relationship between different dimensions of alcohol use and the burden of disease-an update.
        Addict. 2017; 112: 968-1001
        • Witkiewitz K.
        • Litten R.Z.
        • Leggio L.
        Advances in the science and treatment of alcohol use disorder.
        Sci Adv. 2019; 5: eaax4043
        • Sacks J.J.
        • Gonzales K.R.
        • Bouchery E.E.
        • et al.
        2010 National and state costs of excessive alcohol consumption.
        Am J Prev Med. 2015; 49: e73-e79
      1. Organization WH. Global Status Report on Alcohol and Health 2018. 2018. Available at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241565639.

        • Grant B.F.
        • Goldstein R.B.
        • Saha T.D.
        • et al.
        Epidemiology of DSM-5 alcohol use disorder: results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions III.
        JAMA Psychiatry. 2015; 72: 757-766
        • Crabb D.W.
        • Im G.Y.
        • Szabo G.
        • et al.
        Diagnosis and treatment of alcohol-associated liver diseases: 2019 practice guidance from the American association for the study of liver diseases.
        Hepatol. 2020; 71: 306-333
        • Gao B.
        • Bataller R.
        Alcoholic liver disease: pathogenesis and new therapeutic targets.
        Gastroenterol. 2011; 141: 1572-1585
        • Tapper E.B.
        • Parikh N.D.
        Mortality due to cirrhosis and liver cancer in the United States, 1999-2016: observational study.
        BMJ. 2018; 362: k2817
        • Rehm J.
        • Shield K.D.
        Global burden of alcohol use disorders and alcohol liver disease.
        Biomedicines. 2019; 7https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines7040099
        • Vaughn-Sandler V.
        • Sherman C.
        • Aronsohn A.
        • et al.
        Consequences of perceived stigma among patients with cirrhosis.
        Dig Dis Sci. 2014; 59: 681-686
        • Mellinger J.L.
        • Winder G.S.
        Alcohol use disorders in alcoholic liver disease.
        Clin Liver Dis. 2019; 23: 55-69
        • Smith P.C.
        • Schmidt S.M.
        • Allensworth-Davies D.
        • et al.
        Primary care validation of a single-question alcohol screening test.
        J Gen Intern Med. 2009; 24: 783-788
        • Saunders J.B.
        • Aasland O.G.
        • Babor T.F.
        • et al.
        Development of the alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT): WHO collaborative project on early detection of persons with harmful alcohol consumption--II.
        Addict. 1993; 88: 791-804
        • Bradley K.A.
        • DeBenedetti A.F.
        • Volk R.J.
        • et al.
        AUDIT-C as a brief screen for alcohol misuse in primary care.
        Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2007; 31: 1208-1217
        • Donnadieu-Rigole H.
        • Olive L.
        • Nalpas B.
        • et al.
        Follow-up of alcohol consumption after liver transplantation: interest of an addiction team?.
        Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2017; 41: 165-170
        • Mellinger J.L.
        • Fernandez A.
        • Shedden K.
        • et al.
        Gender Disparities in alcohol use disorder treatment among privately insured patients with alcohol-associated cirrhosis.
        Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2019; 43: 334-341
        • Simon T.W.
        Providing context for phosphatidylethanol as a biomarker of alcohol consumption with a pharmacokinetic model.
        Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2018; 94: 163-171
        • Stewart S.H.
        • Koch D.G.
        • Willner I.R.
        • et al.
        Validation of blood phosphatidylethanol as an alcohol consumption biomarker in patients with chronic liver disease.
        Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2014; 38: 1706-1711
        • Berlakovich G.A.
        • Soliman T.
        • Freundorfer E.
        • et al.
        Pretransplant screening of sobriety with carbohydrate-deficient transferrin in patients suffering from alcoholic cirrhosis.
        Transpl Int. 2004; 17: 617-621
        • DiMartini A.
        • Day N.
        • Lane T.
        • et al.
        Carbohydrate deficient transferrin in abstaining patients with end-stage liver disease.
        Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2001; 25: 1729-1733
        • Stickel F.
        • Moreno C.
        • Hampe J.
        • et al.
        The genetics of alcohol dependence and alcohol-related liver disease.
        J Hepatol. 2017; 66: 195-211
        • Schwarzinger M.
        • Baillot S.
        • Yazdanpanah Y.
        • et al.
        Contribution of alcohol use disorders on the burden of chronic hepatitis C in France, 2008-2013: a nationwide retrospective cohort study.
        J Hepatol. 2017; 67: 454-461
        • Fletcher L.M.
        • Dixon J.L.
        • Purdie D.M.
        • et al.
        Excess alcohol greatly increases the prevalence of cirrhosis in hereditary hemochromatosis.
        Gastroenterology. 2002; 122: 281-289
        • Dunn W.
        • Shah V.H.
        Pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease.
        Clin Liver Dis. 2016; 20: 445-456
        • Stickel F.
        • Datz C.
        • Hampe J.
        • et al.
        Pathophysiology and management of alcoholic liver disease: update 2016.
        Gut Liver. 2017; 11: 173-188
        • Singal A.K.
        • Mathurin P.
        Diagnosis and treatment of alcohol-associated liver disease: a review.
        JAMA. 2021; 326: 165-176
        • Sharma P.
        • Arora A.
        Clinical presentation of alcoholic liver disease and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: spectrum and diagnosis.
        Transl Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020; 5: 19
        • Reeder S.B.
        • Cruite I.
        • Hamilton G.
        • et al.
        Quantitative assessment of liver fat with magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy.
        J Magn Reson Imaging. 2011; 34: 729-749
        • Hernaez R.
        • Lazo M.
        • Bonekamp S.
        • et al.
        Diagnostic accuracy and reliability of ultrasonography for the detection of fatty liver: a meta-analysis.
        Hepatology. 2011; 54: 1082-1090
        • Mitchell M.C.
        • Kerr T.
        • Herlong H.F.
        Current management and future treatment of alcoholic hepatitis.
        Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y). 2020; 16: 178-189
        • Carithers R.L.
        • Herlong H.F.
        • Diehl A.M.
        • et al.
        Methylprednisolone therapy in patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis. A randomized multicenter trial.
        Ann Intern Med. 1989; 110: 685-690
        • Siddiqi F.A.
        • Sajja K.C.
        • Latt N.L.
        Current management of alcohol-associated liver disease.
        Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y). 2020; 16: 561-570
        • Hosseini N.
        • Shor J.
        • Szabo G.
        Alcoholic hepatitis: a review.
        Alcohol Alcohol. 2019; 54: 408-416
        • Louvet A.
        • Naveau S.
        • Abdelnour M.
        • et al.
        The Lille model: a new tool for therapeutic strategy in patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis treated with steroids.
        Hepatol Jun. 2007; 45: 1348-1354
        • Garcia-Saenz-de-Sicilia M.
        • Duvoor C.
        • Altamirano J.
        • et al.
        A day-4 Lille model predicts response to corticosteroids and mortality in severe alcoholic hepatitis.
        Am J Gastroenterol. 2017; 112: 306-315
        • Dominguez M.
        • Rincón D.
        • Abraldes J.G.
        • et al.
        A new scoring system for prognostic stratification of patients with alcoholic hepatitis.
        Am J Gastroenterol. 2008; 103: 2747-2756
        • Dunn W.
        • Jamil L.H.
        • Brown L.S.
        • et al.
        MELD accurately predicts mortality in patients with alcoholic hepatitis.
        Hepatol. 2005; 41: 353-358
        • Lucey M.R.
        • Connor J.T.
        • Boyer T.D.
        • et al.
        Alcohol consumption by cirrhotic subjects: patterns of use and effects on liver function.
        Am J Gastroenterol. 2008; 103: 1698-1706
        • Verrill C.
        • Markham H.
        • Templeton A.
        • et al.
        Alcohol-related cirrhosis--early abstinence is a key factor in prognosis, even in the most severe cases.
        Addiction. 2009; 104: 768-774
        • Potts J.R.
        • Goubet S.
        • Heneghan M.A.
        • et al.
        Determinants of long-term outcome in severe alcoholic hepatitis.
        Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2013; 38: 584-595
        • Louvet A.
        • Labreuche J.
        • Artru F.
        • et al.
        Main drivers of outcome differ between short term and long term in severe alcoholic hepatitis: a prospective study.
        Hepatology. 2017; 66: 1464-1473
        • Altamirano J.
        • López-Pelayo H.
        • Michelena J.
        • et al.
        Alcohol abstinence in patients surviving an episode of alcoholic hepatitis: prediction and impact on long-term survival.
        Hepatology. 2017; 66: 1842-1853
        • Im G.Y.
        • Mellinger J.L.
        • Winters A.
        • et al.
        Provider attitudes and practices for alcohol screening, treatment, and education in patients with liver disease: a survey from the American association for the study of liver diseases alcohol-associated liver disease special interest group.
        Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021; 19: 2407-2416.e8
        • Nguyen-Khac E.
        • Thevenot T.
        • Piquet M.A.
        • et al.
        Glucocorticoids plus N-acetylcysteine in severe alcoholic hepatitis.
        N Engl J Med. 2011; 365: 1781-1789
        • Singh S.
        • Murad M.H.
        • Chandar A.K.
        • et al.
        Comparative effectiveness of pharmacological interventions for severe alcoholic hepatitis: a systematic review and Network meta-analysis.
        Gastroenterology. 2015; 149: 958-970.e12
        • Sersté T.
        • Njimi H.
        • Degré D.
        • et al.
        The use of beta-blockers is associated with the occurrence of acute kidney injury in severe alcoholic hepatitis.
        Liver Int. 2015; 35: 1974-1982
        • Moreno C.
        • Deltenre P.
        • Senterre C.
        • et al.
        Intensive enteral nutrition is ineffective for patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis treated with corticosteroids.
        Gastroenterol Apr. 2016; 150: 903-910.e8
        • Himoto T.
        • Masaki T.
        Associations between zinc deficiency and metabolic abnormalities in patients with chronic liver disease.
        Nutrients. 2018; 10https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10010088
        • Petrasek J.
        • Bala S.
        • Csak T.
        • et al.
        IL-1 receptor antagonist ameliorates inflammasome-dependent alcoholic steatohepatitis in mice.
        J Clin Invest. 2012; 122: 3476-3489
        • Tornai D.
        • Szabo G.
        Emerging medical therapies for severe alcoholic hepatitis.
        Clin Mol Hepatol. 2020; 26: 686-696
        • Szabo G.
        • Mitchell M.
        • McClain C.J.
        • et al.
        IL-1 receptor antagonist plus pentoxifylline and zinc for severe alcohol-associated hepatitis.
        Hepatol. 2022; 27https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.32478
        • Kirpich I.A.
        • Solovieva N.V.
        • Leikhter S.N.
        • et al.
        Probiotics restore bowel flora and improve liver enzymes in human alcohol-induced liver injury: a pilot study.
        Alcohol. 2008; 42: 675-682
        • Wang Y.
        • Liu Y.
        • Sidhu A.
        • et al.
        Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG culture supernatant ameliorates acute alcohol-induced intestinal permeability and liver injury.
        Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2012; 303: G32-G41
        • Wang Y.
        • Liu Y.
        • Kirpich I.
        • et al.
        Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG reduces hepatic TNFα production and inflammation in chronic alcohol-induced liver injury.
        J Nutr Biochem Sep. 2013; 24: 1609-1615
        • Philips C.A.
        • Pande A.
        • Shasthry S.M.
        • et al.
        Healthy donor fecal microbiota transplantation in steroid-ineligible severe alcoholic hepatitis: a pilot study.
        Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017; 15: 600-602
        • Spahr L.
        • Lambert J.F.
        • Rubbia-Brandt L.
        • et al.
        Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor induces proliferation of hepatic progenitors in alcoholic steatohepatitis: a randomized trial.
        Hepatology. 2008; 48: 221-229
        • Singh V.
        • Keisham A.
        • Bhalla A.
        • et al.
        Efficacy of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and N-acetylcysteine therapies in patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis.
        Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018; 16: 1650-1656.e2
        • Arab J.P.
        • Sehrawat T.S.
        • Simonetto D.A.
        • et al.
        An open-label, dose-escalation study to assess the safety and efficacy of IL-22 agonist F-652 in patients with alcohol-associated hepatitis.
        Hepatol. 2020; 72: 441-453
        • Stewart S.
        • Prince M.
        • Bassendine M.
        • et al.
        A randomized trial of antioxidant therapy alone or with corticosteroids in acute alcoholic hepatitis.
        J Hepatol. 2007; 47: 277-283
        • Calabrese V.
        • Calderone A.
        • Ragusa N.
        • et al.
        Effects of Metadoxine on cellular status of glutathione and of enzymatic defence system following acute ethanol intoxication in rats.
        Drugs Exp Clin Res. 1996; 22: 17-24
        • Higuera-de la Tijera F.
        • Servín-Caamaño A.I.
        • Cruz-Herrera J.
        • et al.
        Treatment with metadoxine and its impact on early mortality in patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis.
        Ann Hepatol. 2014; 13: 343-352
        • Weinrieb R.M.
        • Van Horn D.H.
        • McLellan A.T.
        • et al.
        Interpreting the significance of drinking by alcohol-dependent liver transplant patients: fostering candor is the key to recovery.
        Liver Transpl. 2000; 6: 769-776
        • Leong J.
        • Im G.Y.
        Evaluation and selection of the patient with alcoholic liver disease for liver transplant.
        Clin Liver Dis. 2012; 16: 851-863
        • Everhart J.E.
        • Beresford T.P.
        Liver transplantation for alcoholic liver disease: a survey of transplantation programs in the United States.
        Liver Transpl Surg. 1997; 3: 220-226
        • Yates W.R.
        • Martin M.
        • LaBrecque D.
        • et al.
        A model to examine the validity of the 6-month abstinence criterion for liver transplantation.
        Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1998; 22: 513-517
        • Mathurin P.
        • Moreno C.
        • Samuel D.
        • et al.
        Early liver transplantation for severe alcoholic hepatitis.
        N Engl J Med. 2011; 365: 1790-1800
        • Lee B.P.
        • Mehta N.
        • Platt L.
        • et al.
        Outcomes of early liver transplantation for patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis.
        Gastroenterology. 2018; 155: 422-430.e1
        • Hasin D.S.
        • O'Brien C.P.
        • Auriacombe M.
        • et al.
        DSM-5 criteria for substance use disorders: recommendations and rationale.
        Am J Psychiatry. 2013; 170: 834-851